![]() ![]() For example, both confidence ratings and judgments of learning, which are often provided repeatedly throughout cognitive assessments of learning and reasoning, have been found to be reactive. Reactivity can also occur in response to self-report measures if the measure is elicited from research participants during a task. The Pygmalion effect occurs when students alter their behavior to meet teacher expectations. Īn experimenter effect occurs when the experimenters subtly communicate their expectations to the participants, who alter their behavior to conform to these expectations. Reactivity is not limited to changes in behaviour in relation to being merely observed it can also refer to situations where individuals alter their behavior to conform to the expectations of the observer. The John Henry effect, a specific form of Hawthorne effect, occurs when the participants in the control group alter their behavior out of awareness that they are in the control group. ![]() The Hawthorne effect occurs when research study participants know they are being studied and alter their performance because of the attention they receive from the experimenters. It is a significant threat to a research study's external validity and is typically controlled for using blind experiment designs. ![]() The change may be positive or negative, and depends on the situation. Reactivity is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. ![]()
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